Fourth Reich

In September 1944, Albert Speer (1905 – 1981), the former architect who served as the Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World War II, noted that “Hitler’s authority in the party was no longer what it had been.”[1] That authority had long since passed to Reichsleiter Martin Bormann (1900 – 1945). Bormann joined the Nazi Party in 1927 and the SS in 1937. He began serving as Hitler’s personal secretary in 1935. After Hess’ flight to Scotland in 1941, he assumed Hess’ former duties, with the title of Head of the Parteikanzlei (“Party Chancellery”). Bormann ultimately succeeded in outmaneuvering all of Hitler’s closest aides: Goering, Goebbels, Himmler, various generals, and Speer, who was told by Hitler in 1944 to always deal directly with Bormann on all matters. Bormann had begun to recognize that the war in Europe was already lost following the invasion of Normandy in the summer of 1944. Hitler had advised Bormann to “Bury your treasure, for you will need it to begin a Fourth Reich.”[2] “That is precisely what Bormann was about,” explained Paul Manning, “when he set in motion the ‘flight capital’ scheme August 10, 1944, in Strasbourg. The treasure, the golden ring, he envisioned for the new Germany was the sophisticated distribution of national and corporate assets to safe havens throughout the neutral nations of the rest of the world.”[3]

After being condemned to death for war crimes in 1946, Aufbau member and Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg declared: “Within fifteen years we will begin to be talked about again, and within twenty years Nazism will again be a force.”[4] According to historian Dr. Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, an adviser to Jewish former slave laborers, “the continuity of the economy of Germany and the economies of post-war Europe is striking. Some of the leading figures in the Nazi economy became leading builders of the European Union.”[5] As related by A.N. Wilson, historian and friend of Oswald Mosley’s fascist wife Diana Mitford, “In old age, she used to day, what we were all struggling for and fighting for was what we’ve now achieved, which is a united, peaceful Europe with Germany at the top.”[6]

A study initiated in 2012 by former justice minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, reported that 77 percent of German senior ministry officials in 1957 were former Nazis—a higher proportion even than during the 1933-45 Third Reich.[7] Historians had previously found that in the 1950s, more than 70 percent of West Germany’s top judges also had former Nazi connections. Of those 90 officials, 34 had been members of the SA. A report released in 2015 found that between 1949 and 1970, 54 percent of Interior Ministry staffers were former Nazi Party members, and that 8 percent of them had served in the Nazi Interior Ministry, which at one point was run by SS chief Heinrich Himmler.[8]

The return of the Nazis took place under the rule of Konrad Adenauer (1876 – 1967), Knight of Malta, member of Coudenhove-Karlergi’s PEU, the Kulturbund, first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, and one of the “founding fathers of the European Union.” Adenauer allowed former members of the Nazi Party back into the highest levels of business and government in West Germany, based on the argument that the country needed their expertise.[9] Starting in August 1950, Adenauer began to pressure the Western Allies to free all of the war criminals in their custody, especially those from the Wehrmacht, whose continued imprisonment he claimed made West German rearmament impossible. Adenauer had been opposed to the Nuremberg Trials, and after becoming Chancellor, he demanded the release of the so-called “Spandau Seven,” among whom were Albert Speer and Rudolf Hess. In October 1950, Adenauer received the so-called “Himmerod memorandum” drafted by four former Wehrmacht generals that linked freedom for German war criminals as the price of German rearmament. The Allies were willing to do whatever necessary to get German rearmament underway, and in January 1951, General Dwight Eisenhower, commander of NATO forces, issued a statement which declared the great majority of the Wehrmacht had acted honorably.

Adenauer was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which attracted conservative, anti-Communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks, like Hans Globke (1898 – 1973) and Theodor Oberländer (1905 – 1998). Globke, helped to formulate the Enabling Act of 1933, the law that effectively gave Hitler dictatorial powers. He worked for Adolf Eichmann in the Jewish Affairs department and helped draft the 1935 Nuremberg laws. Globke had a later controversial career as Secretary of State and Chief of Staff of the German Chancellery, writing a law that restored back pay, pensions, and advancement to civil servants who had served under the Nazi regime. Globke became a powerful éminence grise of the West German government, working as Adenauer’s national security advisor in the 1960s and was, according to the Guardian, “the main liaison with the CIA and NATO.”[10]

Oberländer, who had participated in Adolf Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch, became a member of the Nazi Party in 1933 and a member of the SA. Oberländer is considered by some historians to be among the academics who laid the intellectual foundation for the Final Solution.[11] After the war, he worked for American intelligence as an expert on Eastern Europe until 1949.[12] Oberländer served as Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Victims of War in West Germany from 1953 to 1960, and as a Member of the Bundestag from 1953 to 1961 and from 1963 to 1965.

Nazi Gold 

The Knights of Malta—successors of the Knights Hospitaller who inherited the properties of the Templars—participated in helping thousands of ex-Nazis SS members to escape through the Ratlines, who rescued Nazi Gold, and found refuge in places like the United States, Egypt, Argentina and Chile, often with the assistance of the CIA.[13] The Nazis had executed a policy of looting the assets of their victims to finance the war, collecting them in central depositories. It is estimated that at their disposal was some $800 million.[14] There were allegations that Schacht’s International Bank of Settlements (BIS) had helped the Germans loot assets from occupied countries during World War II. During the period of 1933–45, the board of directors of the BIS included Walter Funk, a prominent Nazi official, and Emil Puhl, as well as Hermann Schmitz the director of IG Farben and Baron von Schroeder, the owner of the J.H. Stein Bank, that held the deposits of the Gestapo.

Funk recorded that by 1938, the German state had confiscated Jewish property worth two million marks, using decrees from Hitler and other top Nazis to force German Jews to leave their property and assets to the State if they emigrated.[15] Puhl was instrumental in moving Nazi gold, some of which had been looted from countries occupied by the Nazis, and some also stolen from Jewish victims incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps. Gold or jewelry as well as gold teeth were even removed from corpses before being passed on to the Reichsbank. Funk and Puhl were both convicted at the Nuremberg trials after World War II, and as a result of these allegations, the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944 proposed the liquidation of BIS. Though initially approved, the liquidation of the bank was never undertaken, and the decision to liquidate the BIS was officially reversed in 1948.

On October 21, 1946, the U.S. State Department received a Top Secret report from US Treasury Agent Emerson Bigelow, referred to as the “Bigelow Report,” which was declassified on December 31, 1996, and released in 1997. The report established that Bigelow received reliable information on the matter from the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) or CIC intelligence officials of the US Army. The report asserted that in 1945, the Vatican had confiscated 350 million Swiss francs in Nazi gold for “safekeeping,” of which 150 million Swiss francs had been impounded by British authorities at the Austro-Swiss border. The report also stated that the balance of the gold was held in one of the Vatican’s numbered Swiss bank accounts. Intelligence reports, which corroborated the Bigelow Report, also suggested that more than 200 million Swiss francs, a sum largely in gold coins, were eventually transferred to Vatican City or to the Institute for Works of Religion (aka the Vatican Bank), with the assistance of Roman Catholic clergy and the Franciscan Order.[16]

As later discovered by US army counter-intelligence, a meeting was held in great secrecy on August 10, 1944 at the Hotel Maison Rouge in Strasbourg, at which were present the most powerful industrial, political and commercial interests of the Nazi regime, who were there to discuss how to manage Nazi assets to save them from what they recognized as an impending defeat. The meeting was the culmination of a year’s preparation by Deputy Fuhrer Martin Bormann.[17] The plot was outlined in the Red House Report produced by a French spy who was at the meeting. German industrialists were ordered to make contacts and alliances with foreign firms. They were especially to exploit the finances of German firms that had already been used as fronts for economic penetration in foreign countries, such as IG Farben, the steel giant Krupp, and the Hamburg-America Line shipping company, whose American operations were taken over by George Herbert Walker.[18]

A smaller conference in the afternoon was presided over by Dr. Bosse of the German Armaments Ministry, attended only by representatives of Hecko, Krupp, and Röchling. Bosse closed the meeting, by observing that:

After the defeat of Germany, the Nazi Party recognizes that certain of its best known leaders will be condemned as war criminals. However, in cooperation with the industrialists, it is arranging to place its less conspicuous but most important members with various German factories as technical experts or members of its research and designing offices.[19]

Bormann worked closely with Hermann Schmitz (1881 – 1960), Chief Executive Officer of I.G. Farben, described as the “master of financial camouflage,” and also given the title of “secret councilor’’ (Geheimrat) to the Nazi Party and Bormann. [20] I.G. Farben, explained Manning, “was a formidable ally for Reichsleiter Bormann in his plans for the postwar economic rebirth of Germany.” During the years of the Third Reich, I.G. Farben was the largest earner of foreign exchange for Germany. The company’s local operations included control of 380 companies with factories, power installations, and mines, as well as an extensive chemical establishment. Most importantly, it operated in 93 countries worldwide, with operations distributed across 500 firms outside Germany. All IG Farben company leaders overseas were members of the Nazi Party. The company’s tentacles stretched across Western and Eastern Europe, and reached out as far as South America, particularly Argentina, where I.G. Farben maintained eight subsidiaries.[21]

ODESSA Network

As explained by Francoise Hervet, “It is probably safe to say that the several thousand Knights of SMOM, principally in Europe, North, Central, and South America, comprise the largest most consistently powerful and reactionary membership of any organization in the world today.”[22] The Knights of Malta, in particular Baron Franz von Papen, played a critical role in Hitler’s rise to power. Other known members of the Knights of Malta include Lee Iacocca, Skull and Bones member William F. Buckley, Alexandre de Marenches (the chief of French Intelligence under Giscard d’Estaing, himself a Knight of SMOM), as well as Conrad Adenauer.

William “Wild Bill” Donovan (1883 – 1959) who was head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), during World War II, was also a Knight of Malta. There were so many aristocrats in the agency that the joke went around that OSS stood for “Oh So Social.”[23] Donovan had assembled an elite team from among America’s most powerful institutions and families. Members of the Mellon family held espionage posts in Madrid, London, Geneva, Paris. Paul Mellon, who funded the Eranos conferences and Bollingen Press, worked for the Special Operations Executive in London.[24] His sister, Ailsa was married to his commanding officer, David Bruce, chief of OSS London. J.P. Morgan’s sons were also both in the OSS. The families of Vanderbilt, DuPont, Archbold of Standard Oil, Ryan of Equitable Life Insurance, Weil of Macy’s department store, and Whitney, were all in Donovan’s secret army.[25] Among his prominent recruits were also film director John Ford, actor Sterling Hayden, author Stephen Vincent Benet, and Eve Curie, daughter of the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, poet Archibald MacLeish, chef Julia Child, author Walter Lord, and of course Carl Jung.

On July 11, 1941, Donovan was named Coordinator of Information (COI), and organized its New York headquarters in the Rockefeller Center in 1941 and asked Knight of Malta Allen Dulles to head it. The offices Dulles took over were on the floor immediately above the location of the operations of Britain’s MI6. In 1942, the COI became the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Donovan, had secretly established an intelligence connection with the Vatican as early as 1941. In 1944, Pope Pius XII decorated Donovan with the Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Sylvester, the oldest and most prestigious of papal knighthoods, given to only a hundred other men in history, who “by feat of arms, or writings, or outstanding deeds, have spread the Faith, and have safeguarded and championed the Church.”[26]

In December 1944, Donovan and Allen Dulles, OSS head of intelligence operations in Europe operating out of Bern, Switzerland, strongly urged President Roosevelt to approve a plan allowing Nazi intelligence officers, scientists and industrialists to be “given permission for entry into the United States after the war and the placing of their earnings on deposit in an American bank and the like.”[27] In a secret directive circulated on September 3, 1946, President Truman officially approved Operation Paperclip and expanded it to include one thousand German scientists under “temporary, limited military custody,” such as SS officer Wernher von Braun, who was recruited to NASA where he became the father of rocket technology and space science in the United States.

The ODESSA ratlines assisted in Operation Paperclip, through which numerous Nazi scientists were brought to the US. Although he was imprisoned following the assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, Schacht worked closely with Bormann and Otto Skorzeny (1908 – 1975), in transporting the Nazi assets to safety outside Europe.[28] Skorzeny, who was Schacht’s son-in-law, Hitler’s “favorite commando,” and future Mossad agent, was described by the OSS as “the most dangerous man in Europe.”[29] Skorzeny, who was simultaneously an officer of the SS, the Gestapo and the Waffen SS, achieved infamy during the war for his many daring exploits, including the successful rescue of the deposed Mussolini from captivity. Julius Evola was one of the first people to greet Mussolini when he was released.[30] After the war, Skorzeny surrendered himself to the Allied forces, and the newly formed CIA arranged for his escape from the internment camp at Darmstadt in 1948.[31]

The dark irony is that Odessa had been the third largest Jewish community, notorious for its Jewish criminal gangs and smugglers.[32] Skorzeny had worked closely with Bormann and Schacht in creating the infamous ODESSA (Organization of Former SS Members), which maintained escape routes called “ratlines,” to shuttle ex-Nazis to various safe havens around the world. Using the cover names of Robert Steinbacher and Otto Steinbauer, and supported by Nazi funds, Skorzeny set up a secret organization named Die Spinne, to assist in the escape of former Nazis. As Skorzeny’s biographer notes, “There was an ironic similarity between the Die Spinne escape routes and those used by Bricha, the Jewish refugee organization that transported Jews to Palestine illegally. It wasn’t unusual for the two organizations to have escapees and refugees in the same ‘safe house’ at the same time!”[33]

At Bormann’s insistence, to fund its operations, ODESSA was to be run as an economic corporation, and suggested that surplus weapons to be a viable field of opportunity. ODESSA’s agents operated throughout Europe and even behind the Iron Curtain, and bought and sold surplus American arms to Arab buyers seeking to strengthen the military capabilities of Egypt and other Middle Eastern Arab nations. It wasn’t beneath them to also trade with the Jews in Palestine. Barred from purchasing guns and American surplus P-51 Mustang fighter planes by President Truman, their only recourse was to trade on the European black market, which was coming under the control of ODESSA agents. The first purchase they made was with Communist-controlled Czechoslovakia, which had a huge surplus of German weapons and ammunition. Stalin, in 1947, in search of a loyal ally for the Soviet Union in the Middle East, authorized the sale of weapons to the Jewish United Resistance Movement, a Jewish Agency-organized cooperation of the armed Haganah, Irgun and Lehi militias. David Ben-Gurion declared his support for the plan, which came to be known as Operation Balak. In 1947, Egyptian forces were halted 25 miles from Tel Aviv by the sudden appearance of Messerschmitt fighter planes, and by artillery fire from mountain guns bought from Nazi stockpiles and shipped secretly from Marseilles.[34] The smuggling operation lasted until April 28, 1948. On May 14, 1948, Israel declared its independence. Just fifteen days later, the Arab League, comprised of Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, attacked Israel, leading to the beginning of the First Arab-Israeli War, where Israel was the ultimate victor.[35]

With ties to Egypt, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and the Vatican, Skorzeny’s ratlines operated out of Argentina, and helped many other war criminals find refuge in Latin America and the Middle East. These escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as in Switzerland. Other destinations included Australia, Canada, and the Middle East. There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America. Argentina was the only other country that had its own Nazi party, the Nationalist Liberation Alliance, which had maintained close relations with Nazi Germany.[36] Due to the hundreds of thousands of German immigrants who lived in the country, Argentina maintained close ties with Germany and remained neutral for much of World War II.

General Franco’s Spain, not Rome, was the “first center of ratline activity that facilitated the escape of Nazi fascists,” although the exodus itself was planned within the Vatican.[37] Among the primary organizers were Charles Lescat, an Argentine citizen who studied in France and became a personal friend of Charles Maurras and a member of Action Française, which had been suppressed by Pope Pius XI but rehabilitated by Pope Pius XII.[38] After the fall of Vichy, Action Française’s newspaper was banned and Maurras was sentenced to life imprisonment. The movement nevertheless continued to exist due to new publications and political movements. It is the opinion of several historians that during the Spanish Civil War, Franco’s goal was to turn Spain into a totalitarian state based on fascism like Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.[39]

Since 1943, as explained by Frederic Laurent, “the Holy See became the clandestine center of Anglo-American espionage in Italy.”[40] Hitler’s Pope by the British journalist and author John Cornwell examines the actions of Eugenio Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII, before and during the Nazi era, and explores the charge that he assisted in the legitimization of Hitler’s Nazi regime in Germany, through the pursuit of a Reichskonkordat in 1933. The book is critical of Pius’ conduct during World War II, arguing that he did not do enough against the Holocaust. Cornwell argued that Pius’ entire career as the nuncio to Germany, Cardinal Secretary of State, and pope was characterized by a desire to increase and centralize the power of the Papacy, and that he subordinated opposition to the Nazis to that goal.

Nevertheless, documents discovered in the Vatican archives by Michael Hesemann indicate when Pius XII was Archbishop Pacelli, he directly intervened with the World Zionist Organization representative Nachum Sokolov, and used his influence to arrange for Sokolov to meet directly with Pope Benedict XV in 1917 to discuss a Jewish homeland in Palestine.[41] In the 1949 encyclical Redemptoris nostri cruciatus, Pius XII made a proposal for Jerusalem to become an international city, which was later re-proposed during the papacies of John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II. In 1958, Dr. Guido Mendes wrote an article in the Jerusalem Post explaining how he had been friends with Pacelli since his youth. He said that the Pope had discussed Jewish theology and participated in a Sabbath with important members of the Roman Jewish community. They exchanged ideals and future prospects, with Pacelli later expressing enthusiasm for the new State of Israel.[42]

Among those receiving Vatican help were an entire Waffen SS division, the notorious “Galician Division,” consisting of 8000 men were smuggled to England and given “free settler” status. Those who reached safety included Bormann, and the most notorious Nazi war criminals; Klaus Barbie, known as the “Butcher of Lyons”; Franz Stangl, Commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp; Alois Brunner, an official in the Jewish deportation program; Eduard Roschmann, the “Butcher of Riga,” died in Paraguay in 1977; Gustav Wagner, an SS officer and Commandant of Sorbibor extermination camp known as the “Beast,” died in Brazil in 1980. Most famous was Adolf Eichmann, the chief architect of the Holocaust, who worked at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Argentina. Perhaps the most notorious was Dr. Josef Mengele, the “Angel of Death” who fled to Argentina in 1949 before moving to Paraguay in 1959 and Brazil a year later. Buried under an assumed name after drowning off the Brazilian coast in 1979, Mengele had his identity confirmed only after forensic testing of his remains in 1985.

Georgetown Set

Close collaboration between the CIA and the Vatican continued after the war with Pope Paul VI through the intermediary Knight of Malta James Jesus Angleton (1917 – 1987), who was the long-time chief of Counterintelligence at the agency, as well as the head of the CIA’s Vatican Desk and Israel Desk. According to Richard Helms, former Director of the CIA: “In his day, Jim was recognized as the dominant counterintelligence figure in the non-communist world.”[43] Angleton was a poet and, and as editor of the Yale literary magazine Furioso, which published many of the best-known poets of the inter-war period, including William Carlos Williams, E. E. Cummings and Ezra Pound. He carried on an extensive correspondence with Pound, Cummings and T.S. Eliot, among others. During World War II, Angleton served as chief of the Italy desk the counter-intelligence branch (X-2) of the OSS in London, where he met the famous double agent Kim Philby. In 1944 he was transferred to Italy as commander of SCI [Secret Counterintelligence] Unit Z, which handled Ultra intelligence based on the British intercepts of German radio communications. At the end of World War II, Angleton rescued Italian fascist Junio Valerio Borghese (1906 – 1974), an Italian Navy commander during the regime of Benito Mussolini. Borghese was then tried and convicted of collaboration with the Nazis, but offered a reduced sentence, due to his glorious expeditions during the war. Borghese was born into one of the leading families of the Black Nobility, the House of Borghese, of which Pope Paul V was a notable member and which maintains close ties to the Vatican. With his record as a war hero, Borghese became a figurehead for pro-fascist, anti-communist groups, acquiring the nickname of the “Black Prince.”

Angleton had been part of a group known as the Georgetown Set, an influential group of journalists, politicians, and government officials whose lobbying efforts brought about the creation of the CIA. The early members of the Georgetown Set, also known as the Wisner Gang, was founded originally by six former OSS officers, Frank Wisner, Philip Graham who ran the Washington Post, David Bruce, Tom Braden, Stewart Alsop, and Walt Rostow. Over the next few years, others like Richard Bissell, the Tavistock Institute’s Walter Lippmann, the Bundy brothers, Chip Bohlen, George Kennan, Skull and Bones member Averill Harriman, John J. McCloy, Felix Frankfurter and Allen Dulles joined their regular parties. Frankfurter, who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, is reported to have received a copy of Eva Frank’s portrait from his mother, a practice maintained among Sabbateans as a symbol of their Sabbatean heritage. According to Frankfurter, “the real rulers in Washington are invisible and exercise their power from behind the scenes.”[44]

The Georgetown Set began with meetings at Bohlen’s residence in Georgetown, at the center of which were George Kennan and Isaiah Berlin, known in Washington as “The Prophet.”[45] Berlin, the British philosopher of Russian-Jewish origin, was implicated in the early-1950s Kim Philby espionage scandal. Philby, the son of St. John “Abdullah” Philby, was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before finally defecting to the Soviet Union. Philby was among three Cambridge graduates who brought the Cambridge Apostles to public attention following the exposure of a spy ring in 1951 that they had passed information to the KGB. Known as the Cambridge Five, they included MI5 officer Anthony Blunt, the grand-nephew of Wilfrid Scawen Blunt.

Along with other members of the Georgetown Set, including John J. McCloy and Charles “Chip” Bohlen, George Kennan was among the six “wise men,” a group of US government officials and members of the East Coast foreign policy establishment who, beginning in the 1940s, developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc, and crafted institutions and initiatives such as NATO, the World Bank and the Marshall Plan. [46] The six friends, who also included Dean Acheson, W. Averell Harriman, and Robert A. Lovett, were important foreign policy advisors to US presidents from Roosevelt to Lyndon B. Johnson.

In an anonymous piece called “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” that appeared in the council’s publication Foreign Affairs in 1947, CFR study group member Kennan coined the term “containment.” The essay would prove to be highly influential in US foreign policy for seven upcoming presidential administrations. A critical study found that of 502 government officials surveyed from 1945 to 1972, more than half were members of the Council on Foreign Relations.[47] During the administration of President Eisenhower, who was himself a member, 40 percent of the top US foreign policy officials were CFR members. Under Truman, were 42 percent, under Kennedy 51 percent, and 57 percent under Johnson.[48] William Bundy credited the CFR’s study groups with helping to lay the framework of thinking that led to both the Marshall Plan and NATO.[49]

John J. McCloy (1895 – 1989) was a past president of the World Bank, was chairman of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations. He was also chairman of the CFR, where he was succeeded by David Rockefeller, with whom he had worked closely as chairman of the Chase Bank.[50] Prior to the war, McCloy had been legal counsel to IG Farben. He became friendly with W. Averell Harriman, and worked as an advisor to the fascist government of Benito Mussolini. In his dealings with Germany, McCloy worked closely with Paul Warburg, as well as his brother James in America. In 1936, he traveled to Berlin where he met with Rudolf Hess, and shared a box with Hitler and Herman Göring at the Berlin Olympics.

In 1941, Skull and Bones member Henry L. Stimson selected McCloy to become his assistant Secretary of War under President Roosevelt. McCoy forged a pact with the Vichy Regime of Darlan, displaced Japanese-Americans in California to internment camps, refused to recommend the bombing of Nazi concentration camps to spare the inmates on grounds that “the cost would be out of proportion to any possible benefits,” and refused Jewish refugees entry to the US.[51] In 1951, German Chancellor Adenauer met with McCloy to argue that executing the Landsberg prisoners would ruin forever any effort at having the Federal Republic play its role in the Cold War. In response, McCloy reduced the death sentences of most of the 102 men at Landsberg—hanging only seven of the prisoners while the rest of those condemned to death were spared.[52] McCloy commuted the death sentences of a number of Nazi war criminals, and gave early releases to others. This included Fritz Ter Meer, the senior executive of IG Farben.

The two most powerful Nazi industrialists, Alfried Krupp (1854 – 1902) of Krupp Industries and Friedrich Flick (1883 – 1972), were released from prison after serving barely three years. Flick was a former member of the Academy for German Law, founded by Thule Society member Hans Frank, and which also included fellow-Thulists Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosenberg, as well as Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Göring, Carl Schmitt and Martin Heidegger. Flick quickly rebuilt his industrial empire and became one of West Germany’s richest people by the 1950s, the largest shareholder of Daimler-Benz, and one of the richest people in the world, at the time of his death in 1972. Krupp, the ultra-wealthy German industrialist who was represented by Otto Skorzeny in Argentina, and Hjalmar Schacht, subsequently went on the payroll of Aristotle Onassis.[53] Krupp was also related through Chip Bohlen’s great-great-uncle, American Civil War general Henry Bohlen, born 1810, the first foreign-born (German) Union general of the Civil War. After the war, the Krupp empire achieved infamy for their brutal use of slave labor during World War II.[54]

From 1954 to 1970, McCloy was chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), having succeeded David Rockefeller. Because of his stature in the legal world, his long association with the Rockefellers and as a presidential adviser, he was sometimes referred to as the “Chairman of the American Establishment.”[55] McCloy was a president of the World Bank, which along with the IMF was a creation of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), whose chairman was David Rockefeller. The World Bank has also had powerful connections to the Chase Manhattan Bank, which along with Standard Oil, serves as the economic base for David Rockefeller. David became the president of Chase in 1960, and under his leadership, Chase spread internationally and became the largest of any bank in the world. Chase was also closely associated with and has financed the oil industry, having longstanding connections with its board of directors to the successor companies of Standard Oil, especially ExxonMobil. Three presidents of the World Bank, including McCloy, Eugene Black and George Woods, all worked at Chase before taking up positions at the World Bank.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

It was members of the Georgetown Set who began lobbying for a new intelligence agency. The main figure was OSS veteran Frank Wisner, who was appointed director of the Office of Special Projects, created in 1948 with the help George Kennan. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which later became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the CIA, newly created in 1947. Under Wisner, the OPC launched what amounted to a psychological operations program to undermine the spread of communism, and to promote American imperialism through the spread of “democracy.” As one early officer of the CIA noted, about the agency’s sense of mission, “to save western freedom from Communist darkness,” it could be compared to “the atmosphere of an order of the Knights Templar.”[56]

The Georgetown Set spearheaded a new direction which began when the Truman administration of 1945 to 1953 opened a change in policy towards the containment of communism. The new direction led the National Security Council to adopt a formal strategy that authorized a broad array of covert action strategies including “propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage.”[57] Their extent was limited only by “plausible deniability,” to ensure the concealment of US government involvement. Programs included the State Department’s support of film, radio, art, and exchange programs, and the Voice of America broadcasts.

In 1948, President Truman summoned Allen Dulles to be part of a working group tasked with making proposals on how the work of the fledgling CIA could be improved. The group’s efforts resulted in National Security Report 50 (NCS50), which for the most part reflected Dulles’s own vision: covert operations should be one of the CIA’s central functions, and Wisner’s OPC should be incorporated directly into the CIA. In 1950, Allen Dulles himself became chief of planning for the CIA. Shortly thereafter, he became Deputy CIA Director, and in 1953, was appointed Director of Central Intelligence. At that time, his brother John Foster Dulles was Secretary of State. To Eisenhower, who continued the strategy adopted by Truman, after coming into office in 1953, “Psychological warfare is the struggle for the minds and wills of men.” He regarded it a “basic truth” that “humans are spiritual beings; they respond to the sentiment and emotions as well as to statistics and logic… The minds of all men are susceptible to outside influences.”[58]

In 1951, to better coordinate these efforts, Truman had also created the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB). The PSB was headed by another OSS veteran C.D. Jackson (1902 – 1964, the first Deputy Director of Central Intelligence at CIA. The PSB’s primary aim was to seek the breakup of the Soviet Union through propaganda. Covert operations were not limited to the communist world, but included the “free world” as well. As Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Ian Johnson explains, “put less euphemistically, the US government would secretly manipulate public opinion at home and in scores of other noncommunist countries.”[59] Wisner ran most of the early peacetime covert operations as head of the OPC, which integrated into the CIA’s Directorate of Plans in 1952, under Dulles. By mid-1953 the department was operating with 7,200 personnel and 74 percent of the CIA’s total budget. According to Daniel Brandt:

Wisner created the first “information superhighway.” But this was the age of vacuum tubes, not computers, so he called it his “Mighty Wurlitzer.” The CIA’s global network funded the Italian elections in 1948, sent paramilitary teams into Albania, trained Nationalist Chinese on Taiwan, and pumped money into the Congress for Cultural Freedom, the National Student Association, and the Center for International Studies at MIT. Key leaders and labor unions in western Europe received subsidies, and Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty were launched. The Wurlitzer, an organ designed for film productions, could imitate sounds such as rain, thunder, or an auto horn. Wisner and Dulles were at the keyboard, directing history.[60]

When he became head of the CIA, Knight of Malta Allen Dulles hired the services of Reinhard Gehlen (1902 – 1979), the most senior eastern front Nazi military intelligence officer who, just before the end of World War II, had turned himself over to the US.[61] In exchange for his extensive intelligence contacts in the USSR, Dulles and the OSS reunited Gehlen with his Nazi associates, to establish “the Gehlen Organization,” which then functioned within the OSS, and later the CIA. In 1950, it was McCloy who had been given the task of appointing a new head of the West German Secret Service. After discussing it with Wisner, McCloy decided on Gehlen. The Knights of Malta gave Gehlen its highest award of honor, the Gran Croci Al Merito Conplacca, in l948. Though Gehlen was not a Catholic, he was awarded the honor because of his efforts in the “crusade against godless Communism.”[62] Gehlen was subsequently installed by the Americans as the first chief of West Germany’s secret service, the Bundesnachtrichtdienst (BND), under West German Chancellor Adenauer.[63]

In 1951, senior CIA officer Kermit “Kim” Roosevelt, Jr., grandson of the president, and a member of Dulles’ “Park Avenue Cowboys,” had opened secret negotiations with Gamal Nasser in Egypt. Agreement was soon reached that, following a coup against King Farouk, the US would assist in building up Egypt’s intelligence and security forces.[64] Under the leadership of Allen Dulles, the CIA embarked on a project of hiring ex-Nazis in Egypt, who were led by Gehlen, Schacht and Skorzeny. Urged by Hjalmar Schacht, Skorzeny had Gestapo chief and Bormann’s right-hand man Heinrich Mueller in Brazil send him a team of secret police specialists. Mueller’s team, known as the General Intelligence Service, was so effective that Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, then the new revolutionary leader of his country of Libya, asked Nasser to make them available to him as well.[65] The Germans in Egypt began conspiring with Nasser and his Free Officers who, in turn, were working closely with the Muslim Brotherhood to overthrow the king. On July 23, 1952, the Free Officers carried out a coup d’état with assistance from the Brotherhood and the Nazis.[66] Kim Roosevelt was also the formal leader of Operation Ajax, organized by Wisner and Dulles for the overthrow of Iran’s democratically elected President Mossadegh in 1953, who threatened to nationalize England’s prized Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). In the same year, Dulles and Wisner orchestrated the overthrow of the Socialist President Arbenz of Guatemala in 1954, an operation known as PBSUCCESS.[67]

Substantial evidence points to the role of the United Fruit Company—later known as Chiquita, which had several direct ties to the White House and the CIA—as instrumental in this coup.[68] United Fruit had acquired their holdings in Guatemala cheaply through a deal that was settled by John Foster Dulles through the firm of Sullivan Cromwell. Allen Dulles, who led the coup, had served on UFCO’s board of trustees.[69] In the end, more than a hundred thousand Guatemalan peasants were tortured and killed by the American-trained anti-guerrilla rampages. Military dictators ruled for the next thirty years, provided with weapons and training by the Americans. The term “banana republic” actually originated in reference to United Fruit’s domination of corrupt governments in Guatemala and other Central American countries.

Operation Mockingbird was very active during the CIA-assisted coup.[70] In 1931, C.D. Jackson had worked with Skull and Bones member Henry Luce at Time Magazine, and after the war became Managing Director of Time-Life International. In that capacity, Jackson also headed Operation Mockingbird, a program established by Wisner to develop the CIA’s influence over the mainstream media. The claim that the CIA ran an “Operation Mockingbird” first appeared in Katharine the Great, a 1979 biography of Katharine Graham, owner of The Washington Post, written by reporter Deborah Davis. According to Davis, Mockingbird was established by Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination—a covert operations unit created by the United States National Security Council.

After 1953, the media network was overseen by Dulles, by which time Mockingbird had major influence over 25 newspapers and wire agencies, the most valuable being The New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and Time and Life.[71] Other organizations included the ABC, the NBC, the Associated Press, United Press International, Reuters, Hearst Newspapers, Scripps-Howard, Newsweek, the Mutual Broadcasting System, the Miami Herald and the old Saturday Evening Post and New York Herald-Tribune. One of the most important journalists under the control of Mockingbird was Georgetown Set member Joseph Alsop of the New York Herald Tribune, whose articles appeared in over 300 different newspapers.[72]

Hitler’s Mufti

As the Psychological Strategy Board, headed by C.D. Jackson, adopted a new program for the Middle East in early 1953, one of Eisenhower’s chief psychological warfare strategists, Edward P. Lilly, produced a memorandum called “The Religious Factor,” which called on the US to use religion more explicitly. Lilly described the great religious revival going on in the Muslim world, exemplified, he thought, by the Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Hasan al Banna. As discovered by John Loftus, former US government prosecutor and former Army intelligence officer, when he was allowed to peruse CIA archives, al Banna had been recruited in the 1930s by Hitler to establish an arm of German intelligence in Egypt.[73] With the demise of the Nazis, control of the Muslim Brotherhood was taken over by the CIA.

At the time, the Brotherhood’s leading figure was Banna’s son-in-law, Said Ramadan (1926 – 1995). Ramadan also had a pivotal role in Pakistan, where he moved in 1948, after the creation of Israel, in order to attend the World Muslim Congress held in Karachi, as the representative of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Congress was founded at the 1949 World Muslim Conference in Karachi, following the creation of Pakistan in 1947. Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (1897 – 1974), the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who presided over the Conference, was elected President of the Congress. Despite his involvement and conviction for an attack on Jews at the Western Wall, al Husseini was pardoned by the local British High Commissioner Herbert Samuel, and made the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in 1921. Beginning in 1933, al Husseini regularly met with local Nazi representatives and openly expressed admiration for Hitler’s ideas. Between 1936 and 1939, Adolf Eichmann oversaw funding from the SS to al Husseini and his associates to aid their efforts in encouraging a revolt in the region against the British.

In the late 1930s, al Husseini openly called for direct aide from Germany to Arab forces, and had to flee to Syria. In April 1941, he assisted the pro-Nazi revolt in Iraq and attempts by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, or the Syrian Nazi Party, to support the revolt after the British moved to suppress it. Those involved included Saddam’s uncle Khairallah Tulfah, and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, who formed the Bath Parties of Syria and Iraq. Thus, the mufti was to flee to Germany where he served as a valuable intelligence asset throughout most of the war. He met with Hitler on several occasions, and personally recruited leading members of the Bosnian-Muslim “Hanjar” division of the Waffen SS. One member was Alija Izetbegovic, who later headed Bosnia’s move for independence.

Al Husseini came to be known as the “Fuhrer’s Mufti” and the “Arab Fuhrer.” As Tom Knowlton noted, in an article titled “Nazi Roots of Modern Radical Islam,” “if one examines the history of the Middle East, there is very little evidence of constant warring and animosity between Jews and Arabs.” “However,” adds Knowlton, “after over 700 years of peaceful coexistence, the true start of the Arab-Israeli conflict can be dated to 1920 and the rise of one man, Haj Amin Mohammed Al Husseini, the grand mufti of Jerusalem.”[74] In March 1944, al Husseini broadcast a call for a Jihad to “kill the Jews wherever you find them. This pleases God, history, and religion.”[75] Al Husseini “was granted honorary Aryan” status by the Nazis for his close collaboration with Hitler and the Third Reich.[76] After the defeat of Nazi Germany, al Husseini fled back to Egypt.

Al Husseini, a friend to Nazi agent Francois Genoud (1915 – 1996), was the go-between for the Nazis and al Banna. According to Serge Klarsfeld, it was the banking contacts of Skorzeny’s close friend Genoud that set in motion the ODESSA networks, which transferred millions of marks from Germany into Swiss banks.[77] Working for both Swiss and German intelligence agencies, Genoud traveled extensively in the Middle East. During World War II, he played an active role in negotiations between Allen Dulles, the head of the OSS, and Nazi SS agents looking to end the war.[78] Genoud is notable for being the executor of the last will and testament of Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels, and for reportedly making a fortune from publishing Goebbels’ diaries for which he held the posthumous rights along with Hitler’s and Bormann’s works. Nazi hunters such as Serge Klarsfeld and Simon Wiesenthal, journalist David Lee Preston and others have asserted that Genoud was no less than the principal financial manager of the hidden Swiss assets of the Third Reich after World War II.[79]

Muslim World League

A meeting between the White House and the Muslim Brotherhood then took place in 1953. Said Ramadan, the Brotherhood’s leading figure and son-in-law to founder Hassan al Banna, was invited to attend a conference sponsored by the USIA, the State Department’s International Information Agency (IIA), Princeton and the Library of Congress. The “hoped-for result,” wrote Washburn, deputy director of the U.S. Information Agency in charge of liaison with the White House, to C.D. Jackson, “is that the Muslims will be impressed with the moral and spiritual strength of America.”[80] As outlined in a confidential memo by Allan Dulles’ brother, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, “on the surface, the conference looks like an exercise in pure learning. This in effect is the impression desired.” As he further explained, “IIA promoted the colloquium along these lines and has given it financial and other assistance because we consider that this psychological approach is an important contribution at this time to both short term and long term United States political objectives in the Moslem area.”[81]

That led the US government to reach out to US-Saudi oil conglomerate ARAMCO to underwrite the travel grants to the Princeton program. The US Embassy in Cairo invited Ramadan and he and other participants then traveled to Washington for a photo-op with President Eisenhower in the White House. The CIA subsequently conducted an analysis of Ramadan and concluded that “Ramadan seems to be a fascist, interested in… power. He did not display many ideas except for those of the Brotherhood.”[82] Despite this supposed skepticism, the Princeton colloquium nevertheless encouraged the Eisenhower Administration during his second term to provide support for the Muslim Brotherhood.

CIA officer Robert Dreher arranged for Jordan to provide Ramadan a diplomatic passport who even “sent him to West Germany as Ambassador-at-large.”[83] As detailed by Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Ian Johnson in A Mosque in Munich, the CIA connived to have Ramadan take over a Munich mosque project headed by ex-Nazi Gerhard von Mende, a former colleague of Alfred Rosenberg. During World War II, von Mende, as head of the Caucasus division at the Ostministerium, the office overseeing the Nazi-occupied eastern territories, pioneered the use of the minority populations of the Soviet empire, many of them Muslim, into a fifth column. Following Germany’s defeat, von Mende was hired by the US, where his many Muslim agents went to work for Radio Liberty.

Part of this operation was the creation the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism (AMCOMLIB). Its main purpose was to run Radio Liberty, which was beamed into the Soviet Union, but the US government misled listeners and supporters in the US into thinking it was run by émigrés and prominent journalists instead of the CIA. It was AMCOMLIB CIA officers Eric Kuniholm and Robert Dreher who provided funding for Said Ramadan to spearhead their activities in Munich. In 1958, those loyal to von Mende had decided to build a mosque in Munich, to become the Munich Islamic Center. However, the project was soon hijacked by the CIA, who intended to have it instead headed by Said Ramadan. Through CIA sponsorship, the mosque became the headquarters of the Brotherhood in Europe. Its influence spread out all over Germany, then Europe, and even the U.S., spawning a network of related Islamic centers.

In 1954, Said Ramadan had been part of a Muslim Brotherhood plot to assassinate Nasser, coordinated by the CIA and Skorzeny’s former Nazis.[84] Following the Nasser’s cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood in the Free Officers’ coup in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, tensions eventually grew between the two organizations. Nasser emerged in 1954, naming himself prime minister, and when his government moved towards a confrontation with the British, the Brotherhood was directed to wage war against him. So when Nasser threatened to nationalize the Suez Canal, so important as a conduit for oil cargo to Europe and elsewhere, the Muslim Brotherhood were unleashed against him. To that effect, the Brotherhood received assistance from Israeli intelligence, for which reason, among others, it was accused by Al Ahram, and other Egyptian press, as being the tool of imperialists “and the Zionists.”[85]

When Brotherhood members attempted to assassinate Nasser in 1954, the group was forcibly suppressed, with thousands being imprisoned. Six of its leaders were tried and executed for treason, and many others were imprisoned. Interrogations revealed that the Muslim Brotherhood functioned virtually as a German Intelligence unit. As well, as divulged by Copeland:

Nor was that all. Sound beatings of the Moslem Brotherhood organizers who had been arrested revealed that the organization had been thoroughly penetrated, at the top, by the British, American, French and Soviet intelligence services, any one of which could either make active use of it or blow it up, whichever best suited its purposes. Important lesson: fanaticism is no insurance against corruption; indeed, the two are highly compatible.[86]

Following the assassination attempt on Nasser, Ramadan and other Brotherhood conspirators were charged with treason and stripped of their Egyptian citizenship. Many members of the Muslim Brotherhood were shuttled to the CIA’s ally Saudi Arabia. John Loftus discovered that the British Secret Service convinced American intelligence that the Muslim Brotherhood would be indispensable as “freedom fighters” in preparation for the next major war, which was anticipated against the Soviet Union. Kim Philby, Soviet double-agent and son of “Abdullah” Philby, assisted the US in recruiting members of the Muslim Brotherhood who, once they were brought to Saudi Arabia, says Loftus, “were given jobs as religion education instructors.”[87] Describing the Brotherhood as a “silent ally” that provided a “cheap no-American casualties way” to do “our dirty work in Yemen, Afghanistan, and plenty of other places,” former CIA covert operations specialist, John Baer, in Sleeping with the Devil: How Washington Sold Our Soul for Saudi Crude explained, “All the White House had to do was give a wink and a nod to countries harboring the Muslim Brothers.”[88]

Thus, beginning in the 1960s with the CIA’s tacit approval, the Masonic tradition of Salafis begun by Afghani became more formally allied to the Wahhabis who became the principal patrons of the Brotherhood, which set up branches in most Arab states. Among them was Mohammed Qutb, the younger brother of Sayyed Qutb. There he edited and published his brother’s books and taught as a professor of Islamic Studies at Saudi universities. While in Saudi Arabia, he conceived of the organization now known as the World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY), thanks to large donations from the bin Laden family. Osama bin Laden’s brother Omar was at one time its executive director.

When the reigning Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was asked about the Saudi-funded spread of Wahhabism, the Washington Post reported that “he said that investments in mosques and madrassas overseas were rooted in the Cold War, when allies asked Saudi Arabia to use its resources to prevent inroads in Muslim countries by the Soviet Union.”[89] Ramadan, with covert CIA help, reached the pinnacle of his influence with the assumption of leadership of the Muslim World League in the 1960s, which he co-founded with Mutfi al Hussein.[90] In 1963, Ramadan presented the official proposal to found the League to King Saud and was granted a diplomatic passport as its Ambassador-at-large through the assistance of the CIA.[91] Underwritten initially by several donors, including ARAMCO, then a CIA collaborator, the League established a powerful international presence with representatives in 120 countries.

[1] Paul Manning. Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile (Lyle Stuart Inc., 1981), p. 29.

[2] Ibid., p. 29.

[3] Ibid., p. 30.

[4] Stuart Christie. Stefano Delle Chiaie: Portrait of a Black Terrorist, (London: Black Papers No.. 1, 1984) p. 55.

[5] Adam Lebor. “Revealed: The secret report that shows how the Nazis planned a Fourth Reich… in the EU,” The Daily Mail, (May 9, 2009).

[6] Edward Cotterill. The Mitfords - A Tale Of Two Sisters. 3DD (2017), 40:00.

[7] Frank Zeller. “Germany’s post-war justice ministry was infested with Nazis protecting former comrades, study reveals.” Telegraph (October 10, 2016).

[8] Christopher Woody. “Germany’s post-World War II government was riddled with former Nazis.” Business Insider (October 10 2016).

[9] Ian Walker. “Konrad Adenauer: Europe’s flawed giant.” The New European (September 4, 2017).

[10] “Why Israel’s capture of Eichmann caused panic at the CIA,” The Guardian, (June 8, 2006).

[11] Wulf Kansteiner. In pursuit of German memory: history, television, and politics after Auschwitz (Wulf Kansteiner Ohio University Press, 2006) pp. 222-224

[12] Klaus von Wiegrefe. “Der seltsame Professor.” Der Spiegel 27/2000, 3 July 2000, pp. 62–66.

[13] “Nazis, the Vatican, and the CIA.” Covert Action Bulletin (Winter 1986, Number 25).

[14] Glenn B. Infield. Skorzeny: Hitler’s Commando (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981); n. 6. p. 192.

[15] Martin Broszat. The Hitler State (Longman Group Ltd, 1981), pp. 308–309.

[16] Mark Aarons & John Loftus. Unholy Trinity: How the Vatican’s Nazi Networks Betrayed Western Intelligence to the Soviets (Revised ed.) (New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1993).

[17] Christie. Stefano Della Chiaie, p. 58.

[18] Ibid., p. 70.

[19] Paul Manning. Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile (Lyle Stuart Inc., 1981), p. 27.

[20] Ibid., p. 114.

[21] Ibid., p. 114.

[22] Francoise Hervet. “Knights of Malta Examined.” Covert Action Information Bulletin, Number 25 (Winter 1986).

[23] Evan Thomas. “Spymaster General.” Vanity Fair (March 2011). Retrieved from http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2011/03/wild-bill-donovan201103

[24] See David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao, Volume Three, Chapter 17: The Frankfurt School

[25] Saunders. The Cultural Cold War, p. 21.

[26] Martin A. Lee. “Their Will Be Done,” Mother Jones (July/August 1983); Marc Erikson, “Islamism, fascism and terrorism” (Part 3), Asia Times, (4 December 2002).

[27] Jeffrey St. Clair & Alexander Cockburn. “Operation Paperclip: Nazi Science Heads West.” CounterPunch (December 8,, 2017).

[28] Glenn B. Infield. Skorzeny: Hitler’s Commando (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981); n. 6. p. 179.

[29] Carl Oglesby, “The Secret Treaty of Fort Hunt,” Covert Action Information Bulletin, Fall, 1990.

[30] Roger Griffin & Matthew Feldman. Fascism: Post-war fascisms (Taylor & Francis, 2004). p. 223.

[31] Infield. Skorzeny, p. 151.

[32] Jarrod Tanny. City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia’s Jews and the myth of old Odessa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011).

[33] Glenn B. Infield, Skorzeny, p. 182.

[34] Paul Manning. Martin Bormann: Nazi in Exile (Lyle Stuart Inc., 1981), pp. 194–195.

[35] Omer Sayadi. “Operation Balak: The IDF’s Star of David on Nazi Rifles.” Silah Report (December 26, 2019). Retrieved from https://silahreport.com/2019/12/26/operation-balak-the-idfs-star-of-david-on-nazi-rifles/

[36] Robert A. Potash. The Army & Politics in Argentina: 1928-1945; Yrigoyen to Perón (Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press, 1969), p. 119.

[37] Michael Phayer. Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2008), p. 180.

[38] Ibid., p. 182.

[39] Richard Norton-Taylor. “MI6 spent $200m bribing Spaniards in second world war.” The Guardian (May 23, 2013).

[40] Frederic Laurent. L’Orchestre Noir (Pairs: Editions Stock, 1978).

[41] “Newly Discovered Documents Prove Pope Pius XII was a Friend to the Jewish People Before, During and After WWII” TransWorld News (February 20, 2009)

[42] Andrea Tornielli. Pio XII, Un Uomo Sul Trono di Pietro (2007) pp. 661.

[43] Richard Helms. A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 275.

[44] Barry Chamish. Shabtai Tzvi, Labor Zionism and the Holocaust (Modiin House), p. 292.

[45] Frances Stonor Saunders. Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, (London: Granta Books, 2000), p. 36.

[46] Walter Isaacson & Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (2nd ed.) (Simon & Schuster, 2008). 

[47] Peter Grose. Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2006), p. 48.

[48] Lawrence H. Shoup & William Minter. “Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy.” Monthly Review Press (1977).

[49] Peter Grose. Continuing the Inquiry, p. 35–39.

[50] Joan Roelofs. Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (New York: State University of New York Press, 2003), p. 52.

[51] Mae Brussell, “The Nazi Connection to the John F. Kennedy Assassination,” The Rebel, (January 1984).

[52] Norbert Frei. Adenauer’s Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), p. 157.

[53] Brussell. “The Nazi Connection to the John F. Kennedy Assassination.”

[54] Leslie Alan Horvitz & Christopher Catherwood. “Krupp, Gustav von Bohlen.” Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide (New York: Facts on File, 2006) p. 272.

[55] Kai Bird. The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment.

[56] William Colby. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978); cited in Frances Stonor Saunders. Who Paid the Piper: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, (London: Granta Books, 2000), p. 33.

[57] Ian Johnson. A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA, and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the West (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010), p. 41.

[58] Ibid.

[59] Ibid.

[60] Daniel Brandt. “Journalism and the CIA: The Mighty Wurlitzer.” NameBase NewsLine, No. 17, April-June 1997.

[61] Marc Erikson, “Islamism, fascism and terrorism” (Part 3), Asia Times, (4 December 2002).

[62] Lee. “Their Will Be Done.”

[63] “Nazis, the Vatican, and the CIA.” Covert Action Bulletin (Winter 1986, Number 25).

[64] Marc Erikson. “Islamism, fascism and terrorism” (Part 3), Asia Times, (4 December 2002).

[65] Manning. Martin Bormann, p. 212.

[66] Marc Erikson. “Islamism, fascism and terrorism” (Part 3), Asia Times, (4 December 2002)..

[67] Daniele Ganser. Nato’s Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 58

[68] Hugo Murillo Jiménez (1985). “La intervención Norteamericana en Guatemala en 1954: Dos interpretacines”. Anuario de Estudios Centroamerica. 11 (2): 149–151; Rachel M. McCleary. Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution (Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1999), p. 10; Stephen M. Streeter. Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 1; Carlos Figueroa Ibarra, (May–August 2006). “Izquierda y violencia revolucionaria en Guatemala (1954–1960)”. Fermentum (in Spanish). 16(46): 400.

[69] Stephen Schlesinger & Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999), pp. 106–107; Richard H. Immerman. The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1982). pp. 122–127.

[70] James F. Tracy. “The CIA and the Media: 50 Facts the World Needs to Know.” GlobalResearch.ca (November 11, 217).

[71] Deborah Davis. Katharine the Great (1979). pp. 137–138.

[72] Carl Bernstein. “CIA and the Media.” Rolling Stone Magazine (October 20, 1977).

[73] “Islamic Terrorism’s Links To Nazi Fascism.” AINA, July 5, 2007. Retrieved from http://www.aina.org/news/2007070595517.htm

[74] Tom Knowlton, “Nazi Roots of Modern Radical Islam,” DefenseWatch, December 18, 2002.

[75] Knowlton, “Nazi Roots of Modern Radical Islam.”

[76] David G, Dalin John F. Rothmann. Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam (Transaction Publishers, 2009).

[77] Ibid.; Martin A. Lee & Kevin Coogan. “Killers on the Right: Inside Europe’s Fascist Underground.” Mother Jones (May 1987). pp.45-52.

[78] Stephen E. Atkins. Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004), p. 102.

[79] David Lee Preston. “Hitler’s Swiss Connection,” Philadelphia Inquirer (May 1, 1997).

[80] Johnson. A Mosque in Munich, p. 116.

[81] Ibid., p. 117.

[82] Ibid., p. 118.

[83] Ibid., p. 119.

[84] Marc Erikson. “Islamism, fascism and terrorism.” Part 3, Asia Times (December 4, 2002); Marc Erikson. “1942-1952, Egypt: Nasser’s Nazis and the CIA.” Asia Times (Issue # 51 May 2003).

[85] Dreyfuss. Hostage to Khomeini, p. 248.

[86] The Game of Nations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 184.

[87] “War Crimes Investigator Says Al Qaeda Spawned From Nazi Third Reich” Retrieved from http://www.warriorsfortruth.com/al-queda-terrorists-Nazi-connection.html

[88] John Baer. Sleeping With the Devil (New York: Crown Publishers, 2003), p. 99.

[89] Karen DeYoung. “Saudi prince denies Kushner is ‘in his pocket’” Washington Post (March 22, 2018).

[90] Martin A. Lee. “The CIA and The Muslim Brotherhood: How the CIA Set The Stage for September 11" Razor Magazine, 2004.

[91] Johnson. A Mosque in Munich, p. 119.

Volume Three

1. Synarchy

2. Ariosophy

3. Zionism

4. Eugenics & Sexology

5. The Round Table

6. The League of Nations

7. avant-Garde

8. Black Gold

9. Secrets of Fatima

10. Polaires Brotherhood

11. Operation Trust

12. Aryan Christ

13. Aufbau

14. Brotherhood of Death

15. The Cliveden Set

16. Conservative Revolution

17. Eranos Conferences

18. Frankfurt School

19. Vichy Regime

20. Shangri-La

21. The Final Solution

22. Cold War

23. European Union