The Inquiry

It was Paul Warburg who said, “We shall have World Government, whether or not we like it. The only question is whether World Government will be achieved by conquest or consent.”[1] Having succeeded in rallying the Americans into sacrificing their lives to “liberate” Europe, the war was finally brought to an end in 1918. President Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924) had his chief advisor, Round Tabler “Colonel” Edward House (1858 – 1938), assemble “The Inquiry,” a team of academic experts including Walter Lippman (1889 – 1974), to devise efficient postwar solutions to all the world’s problems. “The Inquiry” held as Pratt House made plans for a peace settlement which eventually evolved into Wilson's famous “fourteen points,” which he first presented to Congress in 1918. They were globalist in nature, calling for the removal of “all economic barriers” between nations, “equality of trade conditions,” and the formation of “a general association of nations.” The subsequent Paris conference, in January 1919, which culminated in the Treaty of Versailles, House’s vision was implemented as the League of Nations, the precursor to the United Nations, and the first important step towards world government.

Wilson continued the policy of interventionism in the Americas, and attempted to redefine both Manifest Destiny and America’s “mission” on a broader, worldwide scale. While it was the Rosicrucian John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who established the Puritan vision of America as a “City on a hill,” it was his descendant Robert C. Winthrop who first formally pronounced the doctrine of “Manifest Destiny,” a widely held belief in nineteenth-century United States that its settlers were destined to expand across North America. The doctrine has its origin in Freemasonry’s teachings of the “divine” role America was the play in the world, and based on the nineteenth century American belief that the United States, often specifically the “Anglo-Saxon race,” was destined to expand across the continent.[2] John L. O’Sullivan, a leading figure in Young America, a movement orchestrated by Guiseppe Mazzini, coined the term “Manifest Destiny” in an 1845 article for the Democratic Review, writing that it was the “divine destiny” of America “to establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man.”[3]

Like the Young Americans before him, Wilson willingly acknowledged his debt to Mazzini. According to Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati, in A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini's Writings on Democracy, Nation Building, and International Relations, “…Mazzini deserves to be seen as the leading pioneer of the more activist and progressive “Wilsonian” branch of liberal internationalism.”[4] Mazzini believed that a united Italy would have the potential to lead the drive for the creation of a European union, but on several occasions he speculated that perhaps Great Britain, or even the United States, as expressed in “America as a Leading nation in the cause of Liberty,” might be better suited to fulfill the role of democratic leadership.[5] Wilson explicitly claimed that he had closely studied Mazzini’s writings and confessed that he “derived guidance from the principles which Mazzini so eloquently expressed.” Wilson added that with the end of World War I he hoped to contribute to “the realization of the ideals to which his [Mazzini’s] life and thought were devoted.”[6]

I with the pledge that “the world must be made safe for democracy.” In his 1920 message to Congress after the war, Wilson stated:

…I think we all realize that the day has come when Democracy is being put upon its final test. The Old World is just now suffering from a wanton rejection of the principle of democracy and a substitution of the principle of autocracy as asserted in the name, but without the authority and sanction, of the multitude. This is the time of all others when Democracy should prove its purity and its spiritual power to prevail. It is surely the manifest destiny of the United States to lead in the attempt to make this spirit prevail.

In his book Geneva Versus Peace (1937), the Comte de St. Aulaire, who was the French ambassador to London from 1920-24, recalled a dinner conversation with Otto Kahn—a friend of Aleister Crowley and a partner of Jacob Schiff and Paul and Felix Warburg in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.—who detailed the nature of the dialectical strategy to bring about the League of Nations:

…our essential dynamism makes use of the forces of destruction and forces of creation, but uses the first to nourish the second… Our organization for revolution is evidenced by destructive Bolshevism and for construction by the League of Nations which is also our work. Bolshevism is the accelerator and the League is the brake on the mechanism of which we supply both the motive force and the guiding power. What is the end? It is already determined by our mission. It is formed of elements scattered throughout the whole world, but cast in the flame of our faith in ourselves. We are a League of Nations which contains the elements of all others… Israel is the microcosm and the germ of the City of the future.[7]

Rabbi Stephen Wise acted as an important intermediary to Wilson and House, when, with Louis Brandeis and Felix Frankfurter, he helped formulate the text of the Balfour Declaration.[8] House conferred with Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., and with Golden Dawn member and Satanist Samuel Untermyer, a friend of George Sylvester Viereck.[9] Wilson and House both worked closely with Sir William Wiseman, the head of British Intelligence in Washington. Rabbi Wise referred to House in his autobiography, Challenging Years, as “the unofficial Secretary of State.” House was Wilson’s chief advisor on European politics and diplomacy during World War I and at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. House felt that the war was an epic battle between democracy and autocracy, and argued the United States ought to help Britain and France win a limited Allied victory. The sinking of the Lusitania finally provided the pretext.

Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem

According to The Anglo-American Establishment by Carroll Quigley, Col. House, along with Walter Lippmann, J.P. Morgan, John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, were all members of the Round Table. Like his son, J.P. Morgan Jr., J.P. Morgan belonged to the American branch of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (SOSJ), part of the Russian Tradition of the Knights Hospitaller, which evolved from the Knights of Malta. In 1893, the Russian Ambassador to the United States, Prince Cantacuzene, Russian Admiral Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (1866 – 1933) and Russian Transportation Commissioner Colonel A. Cherep Spiridovich (1867 – 1926), introduced the Russian SOSJ White Cross at the Chicago World’s Fair to American civic leaders. Cherep Spiridovich was the former head of the Okhrana, and wrote a biography of Rasputin. The Grand Duke was the brother-in-law of Emperor Nicholas II and advisor to him. He was the son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia, the youngest son of Nicholas I of Russia, and Grand Duchess Olga Feodorovna. Grand Duke Alexander directed the assassination of the spiritualist monk Gregori Rasputin in late 1916. The men directly involved in the murder of Rasputin were the Grand Duke’s sons, son-in-law, cousin and a member of British MI6.

The SOSJ was legitimately continued outside of Russia by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia (1876 – 1938), son of the Russian SOSJ Grand Prior, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (1847 – 1909), a knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.[9] Kirill was the legal heir to the Russian throne as he was third in line behind the heir of Russia’s last Tsar, Nicholas II. Kirill was the son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, a grandson of Emperor Alexander II and a first cousin of Nicholas II. Kirill married his paternal first cousin, the granddaughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Their granddaughter, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, is the current claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov. Grand Duke Kirill assisted Richard Teller Crane of Chicago with plans to organize the American White Cross in New York City. Richard Teller Crane I (1832 – 1912) was the founder of R.T. Crane & Bro., a Chicago-based manufacturer, later Crane Co.. He was also a member of the famous Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia, whose members came from many of the world’s wealthiest families, most notably the Morgans, Rockefellers, and Vanderbilts.

Genealogy of Grand Duke Kirill

• Tsar Paul I (Grand Master of the Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem) + Natalia Alexeievna (descended from Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, founder of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty, member of Fruitbearing Society)

  • Tsar Alexander I (under influence of Madame von Kruderer, famous psychic and friend of Madame Germaine de Staël)

  • Tsar Nicholas I (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Charlotte of Prussia (1798 – 1860, d. of Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, son of Frederick William II of Prussia, who belonged to the Golden and Rosy Cross)

    • Tsar Alexander II (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Marie of Hesse (interested in occultism) - (see above)

      • Tsar Alexander III of Russia (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

        • Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (Order of the Golden Fleece) + Alexandra Feodorovna (granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, grandson of Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1745 – 1804), friend of Adam Weishaupt))

      • Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia + Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

        • GRAND DUKE KIRILL VLADIMIROVICH OF RUSSIA (SOSJ) + Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (see below)

        • Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia + Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark

      • Maria Alexandrovna + Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (son of Queen Victoria)

        • Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

        • Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + GRAND DUKE KIRILL VLADIMIROVICH OF RUSSIA (SOSJ)

        • Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha + Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (member of Nazi party)

An epidemic of political assassinations and the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905 prompted the expansion of the Order into the United States. These events hastened the development of a permanent presence of the Knights of St. John in America. Cherep Spiridovich, President, was among the coordinators of this expansion. As an intelligence operative, Cherep Spiridovich was handled by Baron Rosen (1847 – 1921). Rosen was chosen as new Russian ambassador to the United States in May 1905 and as deputy to Sergei Witte, cousin of H.P. Blavatsky and a close ally of the Theosophist conspirators around Nicholas II.[10] The American Grand Priory cooperated with Russian Naval Intelligence and the Russian Secret Service directed by Rosen. The American Grand Priory also had a history of cooperation with members of the monarchist and anti-Semitic Russian Black Hundred’s Movement due to their association with Cherep Spiridovich. Admiral Grand Duke Mikhailovich (1866 – 1933), who was the head of Russian Naval Intelligence, spent time in the United States developing relationships with the wealthiest people in the country, like Major Barclay Harding Warburton of the US Army Military Intelligence community. The Grand Duke was elected the 73rd Grand Master of the SOSJ in 1913, during meetings at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.

The most prominent families in the United States joined the American Grand Priory of the SOSJ, which was thereby transformed into the first American civilian foreign intelligence network. An early and prominent member of the American White Cross was Wall Street lawyer William Nelson Cromwell (1854 – 1948). The law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, founded in 1879 by Cromwell and Algernon Sydney, which and represented the Kuhn Loeb Company, gained renown for its business and commercial law practices and its impact on international affairs.[11]  The firm advised John Pierpont Morgan during the creation of Edison General Electric (1882) and later guided key players in the formation of U.S. Steel (1901).[12] American Grand Priory leaders, Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University, Archer Huntington, founder of the Hispanic Society of America, and Francis C. Nicholas, founder of the American International Academy, are among those who crafted the American Grand Priory into an intelligence organization. Some results of their careers include the founding of the Republic of Panama and the successful purchase and construction of the Panama Canal. They were also responsible for the founding of the Pan-American “Organization of American States” and directly influenced the founders of the Central Intelligence Agency. Cromwell was responsible for the success of, among many other projects, McCormick Harvester, Carnegie’s U.S. Steel Corporation and the Panama Canal. Cromwell became Grand Prior of the American SOSJ in 1912.

An epidemic of political assassinations and the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905 prompted the expansion of the Order into the United States. In 1905, Count Alexis Ignatiev, Commander of the SOSJ Chevalier Guards, was assassinated in Russia. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was also assassinated. These events hastened the development of a permanent presence of the Knights of St. John in America. Cherep Spiridovich, President, was among the coordinators of this expansion. The American Grand Priory also had a history of cooperation with members of the monarchist and anti-Semitic Russian Black Hundred’s Movement due to their association with Cherep Spiridovich. As an intelligence operative, he was handled by the Russian Ambassador to the U. S., Baron Rosen.

In 1909, Grand Duke Vladimir was assassinated in Russia, and his son, Grand Duke Kirill, thereby became Grand Prior of the SOSJ Russian Grand Priory. William Nelson Cromwell became American Grand Prior in 1912, and meetings thereafter were usually held at his offices in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. The name of the hotel is ultimately derived from the town of Walldorf in Germany, the ancestral home of the prominent German-American Astor family who originated there. Others prominent in the OSJ at this time included John Jacob Astor until his death on the Titanic, J.P. Morgan, his son J.P Morgan, Jr. and the extended Cornelius Vanderbilt and Chicago Crane families. The Chicago Crane family affiliation with the White Cross eventually led, in 1941, to their daughter Frances’ marriage to OSJ Hereditary Knight Commander Belosselsky-Belozersky, in New York City. Charles R. Crane, son of R.T. Crane, became a philanthropist, diplomat, and, unfortunately, a financial supporter of the first Russian revolution of 1917.

The American Grand Priory leaders were mostly socially prominent Protestant Episcopalians from New York City and Chicago. There was also a small group of American descendants of Catholic Jacobites, who were still followers of the old Stuart Pretender to the throne of England and Scotland. The Pretender at the time was Queen Mary IV of Bavaria (1849 – 1919), and an army physician and OSJ member Edgar Erskine Hume was among those who later considered Mary’s successor, Bavarian Crown Prince Rupprecht (1869 – 1955), as his “rightful sovereign.” The American Grand Prior, William Nelson Cromwell, and Dr. Francis C. Nicholas had had contact with Spanish Knights of St. John during years of preparation work for the American Panama Canal project. Interaction with the Spanish knights was also the result of Americans meeting Spanish knights during the Spanish-American War from 1898 to 1900, and later during the Mexican civil wars. The remnant Castellany of Guadalajara, Mexico, of the Spanish Order of St. John the Baptist joined the American Grand Priory with their monarchist Pretender, Don Agustin Yturbide. King Alphonso XIII of Spain was the protector of the remnants of the Spanish Order which was given a papal blessing as late as 1879. He expanded his association to the SOSJ in America.

According to SOSJ’s own history, “The American Grand Priory was peopled with the scions of Wall Street and the ‘Eastern Establishment.’ These men and women, many of them active or reserve officers in the military, worked with the fledgling western military intelligence communities and made the Grand Priory the first civilian foreign intelligence organization in the United States.”[13] As a result of the “success” of SOSJ international ventures, President Wilson and Col. House had created “The Inquiry” at the American Grand Priory headquarters on upper Broadway in New York City in 1917, which became the internationalist advisory Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) in 1921.[14]

Jekyll Island Club

In 1911, prior to Wilson’s taking office as President, House completed a book called Philip Dru, Administrator. Though written as a novel, it was actually a detailed plan for the future government of the United States, “which would establish Socialism as dreamed by Karl Marx,” according to House. It was published anonymously and widely circulated among government officials, who were left in no doubt as to its authorship. The novel predicted the enactment of the graduated income tax, excess profits tax, unemployment insurance, social security and a flexible currency system. In short, it was the blueprint which was later followed by the Woodrow Wilson and the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations.[15]

One of the institutions outlined in Philip Dru was the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve was created in 1913, founded on the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. Early in 1907, New York Times Annual Financial Review published Paul Warburg’s first official reform plan, entitled “A Plan for a Modified Central Bank,” in which he outlined solutions he thought might avert panics. Early in 1907, Jacob Schiff, in a speech to the New York Chamber of Commerce, warned that “unless we have a central bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in its history.”[16] “The Panic of 1907” ensued in October.

George Sylvester Viereck, who knew Col. House for years, later wrote an account of Wilson’s relationship with House, The Strangest Friendship in History. According to Viereck, “The Schiffs, the Warburgs, the Kahns, the Rockefellers, the Morgans put their trust in House. When the Federal Reserve legislation at last assumed definite shape, House was the intermediary between the White House and the financiers.”[17] What later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act was crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island in 1910. The conference attendees had obtained permission from J.P. Morgan to use the facilities of the Jekyll Island Club, a private club, whose members came from many of the world’s wealthiest families, most notably the Rockefellers, Morgans, Vanderbilts and others associated with the SOSJ. The “duck hunt” included Senator Nelson Aldrich, his personal secretary Arthur Shelton, former Harvard University professor of economics Dr. A. Piatt Andrew, J.P. Morgan & Co. partner Henry P. Davison, National City Bank president Frank A. Vanderlip and Paul Warburg. After the war, the Federal Reserve, led by Paul Warburg and New York Governor Bank President Benjamin Strong, convinced Congress to modify its powers, giving it the ability to both create money, as the 1913 Act intended, and destroy money, as a central bank could.

Paris Peace Conference

Col. House did not hold office but was an “executive agent,” and President Woodrow Wilson’s chief advisor on European politics and diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference. Having succeeded in rallying the Americans into sacrificing their lives to “liberate” Europe, the Round Table agents war was finally brought to an end in 1918. Additional plans involved the creation of the League of Nations, a first step towards World Government, and the destabilization of Germany, cultivating the grievances that would set the stage for the rise of Adolf Hitler. Through 1917 to 1918, “The Inquiry” made plans for a peace settlement. Confidants who were consulted on staffing but who did not contribute directly to the administration or reports of the group included Louis Brandeis. Their recommendations eventually evolved into Wilson’s famous “fourteen points,” which he first presented to Congress in 1918.

At the subsequent Paris Peace Conference of 1919, attended by Wilson, Colonel House, bankers Paul Warburg and Bernard Baruch, and others, House’s vision was implemented as the League of Nations in 1920, the precursor to the United Nations. Paul Warburg led the American, which included Walter Lippmann and the brothers Allen and John Foster Dulles. Allen Dulles, future head of the CIA, and his brother John Foster, were in the employ of Sullivan and Cromwell.[18] It was Walter Lippmann who recommended Allen Dulles as a top recruit for Col. House’s plan to use the United States relief program in Europe after the war as cover for intelligence activities.[19] Paul’s brother Max, of the Warburg banking consortium in Germany and the Netherlands, headed the German delegation. Judge Louis Brandeis also brought his influence to bear on the Wilson administration in the negotiations leading up to the Balfour Declaration and the Paris Peace Conference.

It was Paul Warburg who said, “We shall have World Government, whether or not we like it. The only question is whether World Government will be achieved by conquest or consent.”[20] However, the US Senate ultimately rejected League of Nations. Deciding that America would not join any scheme for world government without a change in public opinion, Col. House, members of the Inquiry and the Round Table formed the Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA) in 1920, for the purpose of coordinating British and American efforts. They also formed an American branch, known as the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), founded in following year by Col. House and Walter Lippmann with the financial assistance of John D. Rockefeller Jr.. The early CFR included members like J.P. Morgan, Paul Warburg and Jacob Schiff.  Round Tabler Lionel Curtis became a strong supporter of international government in the form of the League of Nations and attended the Paris Peace Conference. In 1919, he was the main figure behind the establishment of RIIA in London, and he also helped the helped the formation CFR.

Rockefeller Foundation

According to George Orwell, in his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, “Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.” Most people understand propaganda as being designed to disguise a nation’s current policies. What Orwell was trying to highlight is that, in order to be interpreted appropriately, current actions must be placed into a larger historical context. For the most part, that context is so taken for granted that few recognize is as propaganda. In the case of Western societies, that is a legacy of the Enlightenment, which presents European intellectual culture as the pinnacle of human civilization, having resulted in secular democracy. In other words, the Aryan myth. That mythology was mobilized to great effect during World War I to justify America’s entry into the war as a moral obligation to come to the defense of these sacred principles.

As one of America’s most respected journalists, Lippmann’s views regarding the role of journalism in a democracy were contrasted with the contemporaneous writings of John Dewey in what has been retrospectively named the Lippmann-Dewey debate. It was from Lippmann that Noam Chomsky derived the title for his famous book, where Lippmann described “the manufacture of consent” as a “revolution” in “the practice of democracy” that had become “a self-conscious art and a regular organ of popular government.” This, he claimed, was a natural development when “the common interests very largely elude public opinion entirely, and can be managed only by a specialized class whose personal interests reach beyond the locality.”[21]

The phrase was also employed by Edward Bernays, who is considered the founder of public relations. Bernays was a double nephew of Sigmund Freud, by his mother who was Freud’s sister, and of his father’s sister, Martha Bernays Freud, who married Freud. During World War I, Bernays worked for the Wilson administration, with the Committee on Public Information. Also known as the CPI, or the Creel Committee, it was influential in promoting the idea that America’s war efforts were primarily aimed at “bringing democracy to all of Europe.” Stunned by the degree to which the slogan of “democracy” was successful in swaying public opinion, Bernays wondered whether this propaganda model could be employed during times of peace. Due to negative connotations associated with the German’s use of the word “propaganda,” Bernays opted for the term “Public Relations.” [22]

Bernays’ thinking was heavily shared by and influenced Lippmann, who sat on the CPI with Bernays, quoting him extensively in his seminal work Propaganda. Citing works of Freud and Lippmann, Bernays pioneered the field of public relations and its use of psychology and other social sciences to shape public opinion. Bernays described the masses as irrational and subject to herd instinct, and outlined how skilled practitioners could use crowd psychology and psychoanalysis to control them in desirable ways. Therefore, according to Bernays, “If we understand the mechanism and motives of the group mind, is it not possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without their knowing about it? The recent practice of propaganda has proved that it is possible, at least up to a certain point and within certain limits.”[23] Bernays later called this scientific technique of opinion-modification the “engineering of consent,” a variation of Lippman’s “manufacture of consent.”[24] In Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann wrote:

That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one, I think, denies. The process by which public opinions arise is certainly no less intricate than it has appeared in these pages, and the opportunities for manipulation open to anyone who understands the process are plain enough. . . . [a]s a result of psychological research, coupled with the modern means of communication, the practice of democracy has turned a corner. A revolution is taking place, infinitely more significant than any shifting of economic power.... Under the impact of propaganda, not necessarily in the sinister meaning of the word alone, the old constants of our thinking have become variables. It is no longer possible, for example, to believe in the original dogma of democracy; that the knowledge needed for the management of human affairs comes up spontaneously from the human heart. Where we act on that theory we expose ourselves to self-deception, and to forms of persuasion that we cannot verify. It has been demonstrated that we cannot rely upon intuition, conscience, or the accidents of casual opinion if we are to deal with the world beyond our reach.[25]

And the most powerful propaganda tool for rallying the Western world behind the imperialistic policies of the Round Table has been the myth of “Western Civilization.” That has been accomplished by conveniently omitting the contributions of other civilizations, and by adopting the occult-influenced Aryan myth and Hegel’s philosophy of history, ultimately founded on the Kabbalah of Isaac Luria. The story is that “Western Civilization” began in Greece, incepting the evolution of secular democracy, that represents the end-result of centuries of human intellectual development. That interpretation is now used to disguise America’s imperialism, by asserting that it is purportedly America’s sacred obligation to impose that system on the rest of the world.

This myth of the “History of Western Civilization” was integrated into American culture largely through the efforts of John D. Rockefeller Sr (1839 – 1937). John D. Rockefeller, along with his son John D. Rockefeller, Jr. founded the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913. According to Madame Drinette Verdier, Rockefeller was inspired to turn to charity Swami Vivekananda, as reported by one his disciples, Madame Emma Calve. Calve recounted that Rockefeller initially refused to meet with Vivekananda, until he finally barged on the swami unannounced, who barely acknowledge his entry. Rockefeller was annoyed that Vivekananda didn’t show him the honor he was accustomed to, but After a while, Vivekananda told Rockefeller about events from his life that none should have known but himself, and managed to convince him that God had given him all his wealth to do good in the world.[26]

The purported mission of the Rockefeller Foundation was “to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world.” Essentially, by applying for tax-exempt status, their donors avoid a tax expense, and can then use those funds to pursue various political goals. The Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable Organizations, also known as the Reece committee, an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives between 1952 and 1954, found that the major foundations had been involved in subversive activities. Norman Dodds, who served as chief investigator, began with a definition of “subversive,” saying that the term referred to “any action having as its purpose the alteration of either the principle or the form of the United States Government by other than constitutional means.” He then proceeded to show that the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations were using funds excessively on projects at Columbia, Harvard, Chicago University and the University of California, in order to enable “oligarchical collectivism.” It was also discovered by him that these or other foundations were involved in the intentional instigation of the United States into World War I and attempting to mold world history through the explicit control of education in the United States.

As revealed by William H. McIlhany, in The Tax-Exempt Foundations, from minutes of the meetings of these foundations, they posed themselves the following question: “is there any means known to man more effective than war, assuming you wish to alter the life of an entire people?” They could not find one, and so helped to precipitate World War I. Following the “Great War,” however, recognizing the need to maintain the control over the “diplomatic machinery” of the United States which they had obtained, the foundations recognized that “they must control education.” Together, as William McIlhany described, the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations “decided the key to it is the teaching of American history and they must change that. So they then approached the most prominent of what we might call American historians at that time with the idea of getting them to alter the manner in which they presented the subject.”[27]

The myth of America’s role in the defense of democracy became part of university curriculum through the efforts of the General Board of Education (GEB), chartered by the John D. Rockefeller, and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT). Known as General Education, or the Western Civilization Course, centered at the Rockefeller funded University of Chicago, they created a Hegelian interpretation of history. It presented history as the development of secular democracy that began in Ancient Greece and reached its ultimate fulfillment in the United States. To justify its entry into the war, the U.S. was presented as part of a “Western” civilization, of which the main Allied powers, France and England were also a part, and to whose defense they should now devote themselves.

As Clyde Barrow has shown, in Universities and the Capitalist State, through their influence the entire American educational system was coordinated to serve a centralized control. Because, according to their directives, “history, properly studied or taught, is constantly reminding the individual of the larger life of the community… This common life and the ideals which guide it have been built up through the sacrifice of individuals in the past, and it is only by such sacrifices in the present that this generation can do its part in the continuing life of the local community, the State, and the Nation.” [28] Clyde Barrow commented that:

The full-scale rewriting of history under state supervision not only facilitated a short-term justification of American participation in the war, but also helped to institutionalize a much broader and more permanent ideological conception of the United States in the social sciences and humanities.[29]

The first recommendations to educators during WWI were careful to warn them that using outright lies or false information was a “mistaken view of patriotic duty,” that was likely to be counterproductive in the long run. The recommendations went on to provide detailed suggestions on how to teach history “properly.”[30] They urged teachers to stress the difference between Germany on the one hand, and France, Britain, and the U.S. on the other, as a conflict originating in the struggle between despotism and democracy. This was a continuation of the same struggle for Liberty, which America had initiated in the American Revolution. If it had been America’s destiny to perfect democracy, it was now America’s responsibility to defend democracy wherever it was threatened and bring it to the rest of the world.

[1] Sally Fram. “The Cross and the Compass: Manifest Destiny, Religious Aspects of the Mexican‐American War.” Popular Culture. Volume35, Issue2, Fall 2001, pp, 83-99.

[2] John L. O’Sullivan. A Divine Destiny for America, 1845.

[3] Stefano Recchia & Nadia Urbinati. A Cosmopolitanism of Nations: Giuseppe Mazzini's Writings on Democracy, Nation Building, and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) p. 3.

[4] see, e.g., Mazzini. “on Public opinion and England’s International Leadership” [1847] and “America as a Leading nation in the cause of Liberty” (1865).

[5] “Mazzini’s life and thought were devoted.” (Woodrow Wilson, “remarks about Giuseppe Mazzini” and “Further remarks in Genoa,” The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Lind (Princeton, NJ: Princeton university Press), 5:614–15.

[6] Comte de St. Aulaire. Geneva Versus Peace (New York: Shee & Ward, 1937), pp. 80, 83-84.

[7] A Finding Aid to the Stephen S. Wise Collection. 1893-1969. Manuscript Collection No. 49. AmericanJewishArchives.org. The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Retrieved from http://americanjewisharchives.org/collections/ms0049/

[8] Charles E. Neu. Colonel House: A Biography of Woodrow Wilson's Silent Partner (Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 104.

[9] “Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem.” Knights of Saint John (accessed January 26, 2017). Retrieved from http://www.theknightsofsaintjohn.com/History-After-Malta.htm

[10] David Livingstone. Ordo ab Chao, Volume Three, Chapter One: Synarchy.

[11] Neu. Colonel House, p. 104.

[12] “Giant Steel Trust Launched at Last: Will be Known as the United States Steel Corporation.” The New York Times (February 26, 1901).

[13] “History since 1798.” Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Retrieved from

http://www.theknightsofsaintjohn.com/History-After-Malta.htm

[14] Ibid.

[15] Billie Barnes Jensen. “Philip Dru, The blueprint of a Presidential Adviser.” American Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1: Spring 1971.

[16] Nomi Prins. All the Presidents’ Bankers: The Hidden Alliances that Drive American Power (PublicAffairs, 2014).

[17] George Sylvester Viereck. The Strangest Friendship in History, Woodrow Wilson and Col. House (New York: Liveright, 1932).

[18] Ibid.

[19] Peter Grose. Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Houghton Mifflin 1994), p. 41.

[20] Statement made before the United States Senate on Feb. 7, 1950 by James Paul Warburg.

[21] Noam Chomsky. Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies (London: Pluto Press, 1989), p. 30.

[22] Adam Curtis. The Century of the Self (BBC). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci4wL0ciark

[23] Edward L. Bernays, [1928]. Propaganda (Brooklyn, N.Y: Ig Pub, 2005), p. 47.

[24] Edward L. Bernays. “The Engineering of Consent.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 250, 1 (March 1947), p. 114.

[25] Walter Lippmann. Public Opinion, Chapter XV (1922).

[26] Madame Verdier’s journal cited in the New Discoveries, Vol. 1, pp. 487-88.

[27] The Tax-Exempt Foundations (Westport, CT: Arlington House, 1980), p. 60-61.

[28] Clyde W Barrow. Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education. 1894-1928 (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). p. 144.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Ibid.

Volume Three

1. Synarchy

2. Ariosophy

3. Zionism

4. Eugenics & Sexology

5. The Round Table

6. The League of Nations

7. avant-Garde

8. Black Gold

9. Secrets of Fatima

10. Polaires Brotherhood

11. Operation Trust

12. Aryan Christ

13. Aufbau

14. Brotherhood of Death

15. The Cliveden Set

16. Conservative Revolution

17. Eranos Conferences

18. Frankfurt School

19. Vichy Regime

20. Shangri-La

21. The Final Solution

22. Cold War

23. European Union